The distribution of increased incidence positively correlates with the increase of prescription drug use. The map below represents the cases of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome in each state. This was based off of the analysis of the Kids' Inpatient Sample 2012 (Vanderbilt, 2012).
When looking at the map above, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama are the states with the highest incidence of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome at 16.2 births per 1000 births. This correlates with the amount of Opiate medications being subscribed by medical professionals within the same time frame. The image below represents prescribing rates per 100 persons, in quartiles, by state and drug type during 2012; the south region had the highest rates of prescribing opioid pain relievers and benzodiazepines (Paulozzi, Mack & Hockenberry, 2014).
Over
the last five years, Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) has increased
in the United States. From 2000 to 2012, there was a five-fold increase
of infants born with NAS (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2015).
More often than not, people who are addicted to a substance are using multiple. This brings even more risk to the infant who
could need numerous detox regimens. NAS is rarely fatal
because the infants are taken into critical care and are given the
appropriate measures when diagnosed (Kocherlakota, 2014). In
an experiment based in Florida, mothers with infants
diagnosed with NAS, were on a combination of Opioids, Benzodiazepines,
Tobacco, Marijuana, Cocaine, Antidepressants, Barbiturates,
Methamphetamine, and Alcohol (Lind, Petersen, Lederer,
Phillips-Bell, Perrine, Li, . . . Anjohrin, 2015). When focusing on the
Opiate use, the mothers shared different reasons for using, these
included; illicit use, drug abuse treatment, chronic pain or unknown
(Lind et al., 2015). Populations at greater risk for abusing drugs include: those treating chronic pain, seeking thrill, or treating their tolerance (Women's
Health Care Physicians, 2012). When looking at the research study,
ethnically the majority of mothers identified as White, non-Hispanic,
then followed Hispanic, Black, non-Hispanic and other (Lind et
al., 2015). The results in this study are limited to Florida, but it
gives a good picture of what is going on with the mothers with infants
diagnosed with Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome.
Search terms: Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome, Epidemiology, Nationwide
References
Kocherlakota, P. (2014).
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome. Pediatrics,
134(2).
Lind, J., Petersen, E.,
Lederer, P., Phillips-Bell, G., Perrine, C., Li, R., . . . Anjohrin, S. (2015).
Infant and Maternal Characteristics in Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome — Selected
Hospitals in Florida, 2010–2011. Morbidity
and Mortality Weekly Report, 64(8),
213-216.
National Institute on Drug
Abuse (2015). Dramatic increases in maternal opioid use and neonatal abstinence
syndrome. Retrieved January 20, 2016, from
http://www.drugabuse.gov/related-topics/trends-statistics/infographics/dramatic-increases-in-maternal-opioid-use-neonatal-abstinence-syndrome
Paulozzi, L. J., Mack, K. A.,
& Hockenberry, J. M. (2014). Variation among states in prescribing of
opioid pain relievers and benzodiazepines — United States, 2012. Journal of Safety Research, 51, 125-129.
Vanderbilt. (2012). Neonatal
Abstinence Syndrome. Retrieved January 26, 2016, from
https://medschool.vanderbilt.edu/nas/
Women's Health Care
Physicians. (2012). Retrieved January 26, 2016, from
http://www.acog.org/Resources-And-Publications/Committee-Opinions/Committee-on-Health-Care-for-Underserved-Women/Opioid-Abuse-Dependence-and-Addiction-in-Pregnancy
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